27 research outputs found
Clinical and immunological evaluation of anti-apoptosis protein, survivin-derived peptide vaccine in phase I clinical study for patients with advanced or recurrent breast cancer
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We previously reported that survivin-2B, a splicing variant of survivin, was expressed in various types of tumors and that survivin-2B peptide might serve as a potent immunogenic cancer vaccine. The objective of this study was to examine the toxicity of and to <b>c</b>linically and immunologically evaluate survivin-2B peptide in a phase I clinical study for patients with advanced or recurrent breast cancer.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We set up two protocols. In the first protocol, 10 patients were vaccinated with escalating doses (0.1–1.0 mg) of survivin-2B peptide alone 4 times every 2 weeks. In the second protocol, 4 patients were vaccinated with the peptide at a dose of 1.0 mg mixed with IFA 4 times every 2 weeks.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the first protocol, no adverse events were observed during or after vaccination. In the second protocol, two patients had induration at the injection site. One patient had general malaise (grade 1), and another had general malaise (grade 1) and fever (grade 1). Peptide vaccination was well tolerated in all patients. In the first protocol, tumor marker levels increased in 8 patients, slightly decreased in 1 patient and were within the normal range during this clinical trial in 1 patient. With regard to tumor size, two patients were considered to have stable disease (SD). Immunologically, in 3 of the 10 patients (30%), an increase of the peptide-specific CTL frequency was detected. In the second protocol, an increase of the peptide-specific CTL frequency was detected in all 4 patients (100%), although there were no significant beneficial clinical responses. ELISPOT assay showed peptide-specific IFN-γ responses in 2 patients in whom the peptide-specific CTL frequency in tetramer staining also was increased in both protocols.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This phase I clinical study revealed that survivin-2B peptide vaccination was well tolerated. The vaccination with survivin-2B peptide mixed with IFA increased the frequency of peptide-specific CTL more effectively than vaccination with the peptide alone, although neither vaccination could induce efficient clinical responses. Considering the above, the addition of another effectual adjuvant such as a cytokine, heat shock protein, etc. to the vaccination with survivin-2B peptide mixed with IFA might induce improved immunological and clinical responses.</p
Navigation System for ACL Reconstruction Using Registration between Multi-Viewpoint X-ray Images and CT Images
&quot;Navigation system for ACL reconstruction using registration between multi-viewpoint X-ray images and CT images&quot;, in Proc. of the 18th International Congress and Exhibitio
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Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography for Planning Urologic Surgery
The development and marketing of new volumetric computed tomography (CT) scanners in 1990 made it possible to perform three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of the abdomen without respiratory artifacts and with clarity similar to that achieved in the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems by conventional scanners.6 Before 1990, all CT scanners had x-ray tubes that were connected to the machine's gantry by electrical cables. This limited the excursion of the tube in any one direction because continuous rotation would wind the cables into a knot. Thus, conventional CT scanning is performed by executing a series of individual CT scan slices during which patients are instructed to hold their breath. Between scans the table is moved forward a certain distance and the process is repeated. If the breath holds are not identical, the imaged organ or region contains gaps or skip areas. This limitation is termed “respiratory misregistration.” The technical advantage that made volumetric CT possible was the development of a continuously rotating x-ray tube with slip rings. Slip rings are a pair of matched rings on the tube and gantry that can rotate past one another without limit. This allows for continuous rotation of the tube and the ability to perform a continuous x-ray exposure as the patient is moved forward through the CT gantry. The resulting exposure forms a path that looks like a spiral or helix; hence, today volumetric CT scanning often is referred to as “spiral” or “helical” CT. Spiral CT acquires data in a region of interest using a single continuous x-ray exposure that is fast enough to be executed during a single breath hold, as the patient moves through the gantry, so that respiratory misregistration is eliminated. An entire body region is imaged and a continuous volume of CT data obtained. The resulting volumetric CT data set can be used to create axial images at a desired slice thickness and at a desired increment. Standard axial images from spiral CT of the urinary tract have been shown to be helpful in the diagnosis and staging of renal masses and are now routinely used for evaluation of renal lesions.15,16 However, the same spiral CT data can be reformated in multiple planes or in three dimensions.
Although newer 3-D reconstruction techniques retain more data than did older reformatted display methods, 3-D images cannot contain more information than appropriately filmed axial images from the same source data set. Thus, with the possible exception of CT angiography and future developments in virtual endoscopy, 3-D images, by themselves, are of limited diagnostic utility. However, 3-D imaging of the urinary tract is useful in surgical planning, because it allows surgeons to visualize 3-D anatomic relationships clearly. 3-D images created from the same spiral CT data sets for diagnosis and staging of renal masses have been used to create color-coded 3-D surface renderings of renal masses and surrounding structures for surgical planning of partial nephrectomy.1 A preliminary investigation and one published case report9 have shown that this technique can help the urologist locate small renal masses and can help delineate the relationship between a mass and the urinary collecting system during operative planning. Currently, in addition to standard spiral CT, conventional preoperative assessment of a patient before a partial nephrectomy may include aortography and selective renal angiography to determine the number, location, and pattern of branching of renal vessels. Intravenous pyelography also may be indicated to evaluate the anatomic relationship of any renal masses to the intrarenal collecting system and proximal ureter. Someday, 3-D rendering of the same spiral CT data set used to diagnose the tumor may be able to display the relationship between the tumor and the renal parenchyma, vasculature, and collecting system, thus obviating the need for these additional tests
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Monitoring and visualization techniques for MR-guided laser ablations in an open MR system
Our purpose was to develop temperature sensitive MR sequences and image-processing techniques to asses their potential of monitoring interstitial laser therapy (ILT) in brain tumors (n = 3) and liver tumors (n = 7). ILT lasted 2 to 26 minutes, while images from T1-weighted Fast-Spin-Echo (FSE)- or Spoiled Gradient-Recalled (SPGR) sequences were acquired within 5 - 13 seconds.
Pixel subtraction and visualization of T1-weighted images or optical flow computation was done within less than 110 msec. Alternating, phase-mapping of real- and imaginary components of SPGR sequences was performed within 220 msec.
Pixel subtraction of T1-weighted images identified thermal changes in liver and brain tumors but could not evaluate the temperature values as chemical-shift based imaging, which was however, more affected by susceptibility effects and motion. Optical flow computation displayed the predicted course of thermal changes and revealed that the rate of heat deposition can be anisotropic, which may be related to heterogeneous tumor structure and/or vascularization